Impact of Pesticides on Human Health and the Environment: Current State of the Problem

Pesticides play an important role in modern agricultural systems by protecting crops from pests and diseases and contributing to global food security. However, the widespread and often uncontrolled use of these chemicals has raised serious concerns regarding their potential impacts on human health and environmental sustainability. This article analyzes the complex toxicological effects of pesticides on the human body and natural ecosystems based on contemporary scientific literature. Particular attention is given to the main pathways of pesticide exposure, including oral, inhalation, and dermal routes, as well as the mechanisms of toxicity associated with chronic exposure. The paper also examines the ecological consequences of pesticide contamination, including degradation of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and reduction of biodiversity. Special emphasis is placed on neurotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, endocrine disruption, and the risks faced by agricultural workers. The study highlights the necessity of implementing balanced pesticide management strategies, strengthening regulatory control, and promoting environmentally sustainable plant protection methods. The findings indicate that while pesticides remain essential for agricultural productivity, their uncontrolled application pose significant risks to human health and ecological stability.