Comprehensive Assessment of Cardiovascular Changes in Arterial Hypertension and Functional Status in Elderly Patients: A Literature Review

Abstract

Arterial hypertension remains a prevalent and significant health concern among the elderly, contributing substantially to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Aging is associated with structural and functional changes in the cardiovascular system, which complicate both the diagnosis and management of hypertension in this population. Despite extensive research, gaps remain in understanding how hypertension-related cardiovascular changes interact with functional status, especially in older adults with comorbidities and variable frailty levels. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular alterations linked to arterial hypertension and their impact on the functional capacity of elderly patients. A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published within the last decade. Key findings indicate that hypertension in the elderly leads to increased arterial stiffness, left ventricular hypertrophy, impaired diastolic function, and reduced baroreflex sensitivity, all of which are closely associated with diminished physical performance and higher risk of functional decline. Moreover, the review highlights the role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and echocardiographic assessment in evaluating cardiovascular risk more accurately in this age group. The results emphasize the need for individualized management strategies that consider not only blood pressure control but also the patient’s functional status and frailty profile. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to explore causality and develop interventions aimed at improving cardiovascular health while preserving autonomy and quality of life in elderly hypertensive patients.