Impact of Chronic Renal Failure on Key Physiological and Biochemical Markers in Male and Female Patients in Iraq

Chronic renal failure (CRF), also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD), is characterized by progressive deterioration of kidney function, often necessitating renal replacement therapies such as dialysis or transplantation. This study aimed to evaluate immunological markers (IgG and IgA), liver function enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP), and key biochemical parameters (urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride) in male and female patients diagnosed with CRF. A total of 90 subjects were enrolled, comprising 60 CRF patients (both male and female) aged 25 years and above, alongside 30 age-matched healthy controls aged 28 years and above. Our findings revealed significant elevations in IgG and IgA levels among CRF patients compared to controls, with a predominance in females (63.3%). Additionally, patients demonstrated increased liver enzyme activities and altered biochemical parameter levels relative to healthy individuals. Notably, the study also observed a possible association between celiac disease and an elevated risk of CKD development. These results underscore the importance of monitoring immunological and biochemical profiles to better understand CRF progression and its comorbidities. The findings highlight the critical role of immunological and biochemical markers in reflecting disease severity and associated complications in CRF patients. Monitoring these parameters can aid in early detection, improved management, and potentially slow disease progression. Moreover, exploring targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating immune responses and metabolic imbalances may offer promising avenues to improve patient outcomes in CRF.