Diagnosis of Chloroquine Side Effect on the Histological Structure of Rat Spleen

Chloroquine is recognized as an antimalarial agent that exhibit substantial anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Chloroquine extended therapeutic application is sometimes constrained by systemic toxicities, necessitating additional exploration of its histopathological impacts; hence, the current work sought to assess how varying dosages and exposure durations of chloroquine effect on splenic tissue architecture of Sprague-Dawley female rat. Histopathological alterations in splenic tissue were evaluated across control and treated groups to determine the time-dependent severity of chloroquine-induced pathological changes. Thirty-five Sprague-Dawley female rats were assigned to seven experimental cohorts (n = 5 per group). Control animals (first cohort) provided with standard diet and water ad libitum throughout the experiment. Chloroquine was administrated orally to the six treatment cohorts according to a dose- and time-dependent protocol (1.6, 2.5, and 3.8 mg/kg) across short term (35 days) and prolonged (50 days) treatment durations. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were euthanized, and their spleens were removed for histological analysis. Histological examination of the chloroquine-treated cohorts demonstrated notable modifications that were dependent on dosage and duration, including vascular and sinusoidal congestion, hyperemia, haemorrhage, and widespread hemolysis in the red pulp. Vacuolar degeneration was noted in both the white and red pulp, along with sinusoidal dilation and fibrous oedema in certain groups. Within the splenic tissue.The intensity of these lesions escalates with increased dosages and prolonged exposure durations. In summary, these results indicate that chloroquine causes splenic toxicity that is dependent on dosage and duration, marked by progressive vascular degradation and structural changes in spleen tissue.