A Review on Biofilm-Based Bioremediation: An Innovative Strategy for Sustainable Environmental Management

An increase in environmental pollution as a result of industrial and agricultural operations has displayed an ongoing need for systems that can provide sustainable remediation. This highlights that microbial biofilms have a unique ability to adsorb, transform and degrade various pollutants which led us towards an effective bioremediation approach by using embedded bacterial cells in alginate beads as well as powder feeding bacteria or added sludge also play important role for anaerobic degradation. Biofilms are varied microbial communities that develop within protective matrix in a polysaccharide structure called biofilm extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), gór have been shown to promote survival, interspecies cooperation and resistance towards acute stress condition. This review article summarizes the structure and formation of biofilms with a special focus on major mechanisms involved in their remediation process (biosorption, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, biotransformation and biomineralization) as well as various applications that can be used for heavy metals removing from surfaces or solutions; experiments evaluating hydrocarbons degradations studies began dyes retention followed by pesticides degradation assays into an wastewater treatment system. We also assess bio-engineered improvements, synthetic microbial consortia and innovations in nanotechnology alongside omics methods & artificial intelligence. To sum up, biofilm-based processes are sustainable modalities in environmental control and the application of biofilms has a high potential due to its positive characteristics for enhancing bioremediation.