Combined Injuries of the Facial Skeleton: Clinical Features and Epidemiological Analysis
Downloads
Combined injuries of the facial skeleton represent an important and growing problem in contemporary traumatology, frequently associated with concomitant traumatic brain injury and a high rate of complications. This retrospective study analyzed the clinical and epidemiological features of combined maxillofacial trauma in 56 patients treated at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Tashkent State Medical University clinic between January 2023 and January 2026, with a control group of 20 practically healthy individuals used for comparison of laboratory parameters. Clinical evaluation included history taking, general and neurological examination, and radiographic and multislice computed tomography assessment of facial skeleton fractures. Men predominated (73.2%), with the 30–39-year age group being the largest (41.1%). Unilateral fractures, predominantly of the mandible, were the most common pattern (66.0%), followed by bilateral (26.8%) and multiple (10.7%) fractures. Street and domestic incidents were the leading cause of injury (62.8%). Loss of consciousness at the time of injury was recorded in 62.5% of patients, yet traumatic brain injury was diagnosed with a delay of several days in 30.4% of cases. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of combined facial trauma and the clinical importance of mandatory, systematic neurological assessment in every patient presenting with facial skeleton injury, regardless of the apparent severity of the facial trauma itself.
B. R. Chrchanovic, “Factors influencing the incidence of maxillofacial fractures,” Oral Maxillofac. Surg., vol. 16, pp. 3–17, 2012.
V. I. Kutsevlyak and V. N. Panchenko, “Anatomical classification of injuries of the facial skeleton bones,” Bull. Dent., no. 4, pp. 95–98, 2010.
E. D. Arslan, A. G. Solakoglu, E. Komut, C. Kavalci, F. Yilmaz, E. Karakilic, T. Durdu, and M. Sonmez, “Assessment of maxillofacial trauma in emergency department,” World J. Emerg. Surg., vol. 9, art. 13, 2014.
S. AlGhamdi, F. S. Alasmari, M. B. Alarjani, H. S. Alamri, A. A. Aldamkh, I. A. Alanazi, M. B. Alarjani, A. I. Moafa, and N. S. Alrusayyis, “Association between maxillofacial fractures and brain injuries in trauma patients: a cross-sectional study in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,” Pan Afr. Med. J., vol. 43, art. 193, 2022.
A. Othman, F. Al-Mofreh Al-Qahtani, H. Al-Qahtani, M. Jaber, K. Bishawi, A. H. Khamis, and A. Al-Shanably, “Traumatic brain injuries and maxillofacial fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Oral Maxillofac. Surg., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 373–385, 2023.
J. Mao, J. Xue, Y. Li, Q. Zhou, S. Zhou, and Z. Zhou, “Factors influencing traumatic brain injuries in maxillofacial fractures: a 12-year retrospective analysis of 2841 patients,” Dent. Traumatol., vol. 40, pp. 435–443, 2024.
M. Brucoli, P. Boffano, I. Romeo, C. Corio, A. Benech, M. Ruslin, et al., “Epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma in the elderly: a European multicenter study,” J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., vol. 121, pp. 330–338, 2020.
A. A. Kulakov and A. S. Khanzdratsyan, “Surgical methods of treatment of mandibular fractures in persons abusing alcohol,” Dentistry, no. 36, pp. 29–31, 2014.
B. Pappachan and M. Alexander, “Biomechanics of cranio-maxillofacial trauma,” J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg., vol. 11, pp. 224–230, 2012.
V. L. Lesnukhin, “Features of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mandibular fractures accompanied by injury of the inferior alveolar nerve,” Abstract of Cand. Med. Sci. thesis, spec. 14.01.22, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2015.
T. U. Khan, S. Rahat, Z. A. Khan, L. Shahid, S. S. Banouri, and N. Muhammad, “Etiology and pattern of maxillofacial trauma,” PLoS ONE, vol. 17, no. 9, art. e0275515, 2022.
Y. C. Hung, A. Montazem, and M. A. Costello, “The correlation between mandible fractures and loss of consciousness,” J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., vol. 62, pp. 938–942, 2004.
F. AlMofreh, S. AlOtaibi, M. Jaber, K. Bishawi, A. AlShanably, and F. AlMutairi, “Cervical spine injuries and maxillofacial trauma: a systematic review,” Saudi Dent. J., vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 805–812, 2021.
V. A. Malanchuk and E. A. Astapenko, “On the expediency of using bioresorbable fixators for osteosynthesis in mandibular fractures,” Bull. Probl. Biol. Med., no. 2 (101), pp. 168–171, 2013.
Sh. A. Boymuradov and U. A. Khatamov, Methodology of Complex Stimulation of Osteogenesis in the Treatment of Combined Facial Trauma, methodical recommendations. Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2026.
