Modern Approaches to The Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
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Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction is one of the most common pathologies resulting from disturbances in the function of the temporomandibular joint and its surrounding muscles, ranking third among dental diseases after caries and periodontal disease and affecting approximately 27–75% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by pain, restricted jaw movement, joint sounds, and impaired chewing function, and disproportionately affects women aged 20–40 due to hormonal and psychoemotional factors. This article reviews the etiology, clinical presentation, and modern methods of diagnosing and treating TMJ disorders, with the aim of informing preventive and therapeutic strategies. The review was prepared through a qualitative synthesis of scientific literature retrieved from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, together with standard textbooks on maxillofacial surgery, focusing on studies addressing etiology, diagnostic imaging, artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostics, the DC/TMD diagnostic criteria, and conservative through minimally invasive treatment approaches. The findings indicate that TMJ disorders are polyetiological, involving predisposing, initiating, and perpetuating factors such as occlusal disturbances, bruxism, trauma, psychological stress, and estrogen-related effects. Diagnostic imaging (CBCT, CT, MRI) and artificial intelligence algorithms substantially improve diagnostic accuracy, while DC/TMD remains the most reliable standardized clinical protocol. Conservative treatment, including physiotherapy, occlusal splints, and pharmacotherapy, is recommended as first-line therapy, with minimally invasive options such as arthrocentesis and platelet-rich plasma therapy reserved for refractory cases. A comprehensive, individualized approach combining these modalities, together with psychological support, offers the most effective strategy for reducing pain and restoring joint function in patients with TMJ disorders.
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