Prevention of Oral Cavity Tumors: Precancerous Conditions and Diagnostics
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This article is devoted to the relevance, etiological factors, pathogenesis, clinical course, and issues of early diagnosis of oral cavity cancer. Oral cavity cancer is one of the most widespread malignant diseases worldwide and is characterized by high mortality rates, largely due to its frequent detection at late stages. The main risk factors contributing to the development of the disease include tobacco consumption, alcohol use, chronic mechanical trauma, poor hygiene, and viral infections (particularly HPV). The article provides a scientifically grounded analysis of the stages of tumor development — the transition from normal epithelium through dysplasia and precancerous conditions to a malignant process. Special attention is given to precancerous conditions, including leukoplakia and erythroplakia, emphasizing their high risk of malignant transformation. Particular emphasis is also placed on the early clinical signs of the disease, such as non-healing ulcers, changes in mucosal color, infiltration, and bleeding. The article also covers modern diagnostic methods, in particular clinical examination, biopsy, and additional diagnostic technologies.
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