Quality Study of Raw Milk Produced in Private Farm by Estimate, Bacterial Contamination and the Prevalence of Antibiotic Residues
Keywords:
bacterial contamination, prevalence, amoxicillin, oxytetracycline, raw milkAbstract
Antibiotic residues can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the loss of their ability to be controlled. The study's goal was to determine the level of bacterial contamination and antibiotic residues in raw milk from a few private farms in Iraq's Al-Diwaniyah province. The raw milk of 120 cattle was aseptically obtained from a private farm in the Iraqi province of Al-Diwaniyah. 60 of them were taken at the morning milking, while the rest were taken at the nighttime milking. The samples were collected 10, 20, and 30 days after delivery. At a temperature of 4 °C, all of the milk samples were kept. Samples were brought to the lab in a cooler set at a temperature of no more than 4 °C. Until analysis, they were stored at 4 °C in a refrigerator. The microbiological tests started as soon as possible. After that, all samples were kept at -20 °C in a deep freezer and tested within 48 hours. Between 30 and 45 minutes passed between the time the sample was collected and it was placed in the -20 °C environment. High levels of bacterial contamination and amoxicillin and oxytetracycline residues were found in the results. The investigation came to the conclusion that antibiotics are being misused, which could be harmful to people's health.
References
Orwa, J.D.; Matofari, J.W.; Muliro, P.S.; Lamuka, P. (2017) Assessment of sulphonamides and tetracyclines antibiotic residue contaminants in rural and peri urban dairy value chains in Kenya. Int. J. Food Contam. 2017, 4, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40550-017-0050-1
Rahman MS, Hassan MM, Chowdhury S.( 2021) . Determination of antibiotic residues in milk and assessment of human health risk in Bangladesh. Heliyon. 8;7(8):e07739. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07739.
Pengov, A. ; Kirbis, A. ( 2009). Risks of antibiotic residues in milk following intramammary and intramuscular treatments in dairy sheep Anal. Chim. Acta 637, 13–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.09.021.
Beyene, T. ( 2015) Veterinary Drug Residues in Food-animal Products: Its risk Factors and Potential Effects on Public Health. J. Vet. Sc.Technol. 2015, 7, 1–7 . htpp:/10.4172/2157-7579.1000285.
Botsoglou N.A., Fletouris D.J.(2001) Drug residues in foods: Pharmacology. Food Saf. Anal. 2001;23:312–323. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07739 .
Sachi, S.; Ferdous, J.; Sikder, M.H.; Hussani, S.M.A.K. ( 2019)Antibiotic residues in milk: Past, present, and future. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res ,6,315-332. DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f350.
Benito-Peña E., Urraca J.L., Moreno-Bondi M.C. (2009) Quantitative determination of penicillin V and amoxicillin in feed samples by pressurised liquid extraction and liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 2009;49:289–294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.11.016.
Weldaragay, H., Yilma, Z. & Tekle-Giorgis, Y. (2012) Hygienic practices and microbiological quality of raw milk produced under different farm size in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Wudpecker J. Agric. Res. Rev.; 2012 ;4, 132–142 .
Sarmah AK, Meyer MT, Boxall AB. ( 2006) A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment. Chemosphere. 65(5):725–59 DOI: 10.1016/j.
Lianou, D. T. et al.( 2021) . Extensive countrywide field investigation of somatic cell counts and total bacterial counts in bulk-tank raw milk in sheep flocks in Greece. Foods 2021;10, 1–18. DOI: 10.3390/foods10020268.
Tyczkowska, K. R.D. Voyksner, A.L. Aroson,( 1989). Development of an analytical method for penicilling in bovine milk by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible detection and confirmation by mass spectrometric detection, J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 490 (1989) 101–113. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82765-6.
Wang L., Y.Q. Li, (2009). Simultaneous determination of ten antibiotic residues in milk by UPLC, Chromatographia 70 , 253–258. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07739.
T. Ozden, D. Yurtsever Sarica, High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Oxytetracycline Residue in Cured Meat Products 24, 2000.
M. Sendanyoye, Validation of HPLC-UV method for determination of amoxicillin Trihydrate in capsule, Ann. Adv. Chem. (2018) 55–72.
Casseri E, Bulut E, Llanos Soto S, Wemette M, Stout A, Greiner Safi A, Lynch R, Moroni P, Ivanek R. ( 2022). Understanding Antibiotic Resistance as a Perceived Threat towards Dairy Cattle through Beliefs and Practices: A Survey-Based Study of Dairy Farmers. Antibiotics (Basel). 25;11(8):997. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11080997.
Juan, C. J.C. Molto, J. Ma~nes, G. Font,( 2010). Determination of macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics by pressurised liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in meat and milk, Food Contr. 21 .1703–1709.
Abbasi, M.M. H. Babaei, M. Ansarin, ( 2011). Simultaneous determination of tetracyclines residues in bovine milk samples by solid phase extraction and HPLCFL method, Adv. Pharmaceut. Bull. 1 (2011) 34. DOI: 10.5681/apb.2011.005.
Lupindu, A.M. A. Dalsgaard, P.L.M. Msoffe, H.A. Ngowi, M.M. Mtambo, J.E. Olsen.( 2015) Transmission of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli between cattle, humans and the environment in peri-urban livestock keeping communities in Morogoro, Tanzania Prev. Vet. Med. 118 (2015) 477–482.
WHO, Antibiotic resistance 2020. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance. (Accessed 3 April 2021).
Chowdhury, S. M.M. Hassan, M. Alam, S. Sattar, M.S. Bari, A.K.M. Saifuddin, et al., ( 2015) Antibiotic residues in milk and eggs of commercial and local farms at Chittagong, Bangladesh, Vet. World 8 (2015) 467–471. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.467-471.
Bari, M.S. A.H. Kober, M. Hoque, G.K. Debnath, G.C. Chanda, (2020). Prevalence of antibiotic residues and associated risk factors in milk in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 8 (2020). DOI:10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.7.701.708.
